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- <text id=91TT2342>
- <title>
- Oct. 21, 1991: Disposing of the Nuclear Age
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Oct. 21, 1991 Sex, Lies & Politics
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 79
- Disposing of the Nuclear Age
- </hdr><body>
- <p>The cold war has left the U.S. with mountains of hot garbage
- and no permanent site for storing it
- </p>
- <p> President Bush may have struck a blow for world peace with
- his nuclear-weapons-reduction speech last month, but he has also
- handed a heavy burden to the atomic-arms industry. By the latest
- calculation, there are over 3,000 warheads headed for early
- retirement, containing about 25 tons of enriched uranium and 10
- tons of plutonium--both radioactive and both difficult to
- dispose of. Moreover, the Department of Energy's Pantex
- bomb-assembly facility near Amarillo, Texas, which was expecting
- to build some 3,500 warheads over the next few years, suddenly
- has to reverse gears and begin dismantling weapons. Says Thomas
- Cochran, a nuclear-arms expert with the Natural Resources
- Defense Council: "It's doable, but if weapons production
- continues, it will strain the system."
- </p>
- <p> Technically speaking, the process of decommissioning nukes
- is not very complicated--and in fact some 40,000 of the
- 60,000 weapons built since 1945 have already been retired,
- mostly because of obsolescence. After deactivation of their
- electronic triggers, the warheads are loaded back into their
- original, customized packing crates and, if overseas, flown back
- to the U.S. Under heavy guard, they are then shipped to Pantex
- by truck or train, along routes that are constantly changed and
- always kept secret. The most sensitive part of disassembly comes
- not in handling the uranium and highly toxic plutonium, which
- are shielded in metal, but in dealing with the conventional
- explosives needed to trigger a nuclear chain reaction.
- Disassembly therefore takes place in underground bunkers known
- as "Gravel Gerties," whose roofs are mounded with gravel to
- contain any accidental blasts.
- </p>
- <p> Once disassembly is complete, the real question arises.
- What to do with the leftover radioactive material from the
- bombs? When nuclear weapons were a growth industry, their parts
- could be recycled into new nukes. Now, however, the most readily
- reusable weapons ingredient is tritium, a radioactive gas used
- in some warheads to increase the power of the nuclear reaction.
- Tritium decays rapidly, so existing bombs must be periodically
- replenished. This tritium windfall may even keep the Department
- of Energy from reactivating the accident-prone Savannah River
- plant near Aiken, S.C., where the gas is manufactured.
- </p>
- <p> But aside from some uranium that will be recycled for use
- in nuclear-powered submarines, most of the fuel will have to be
- stored or dumped as waste. Unfortunately, the nation does not
- have a reliable, long-term plan for disposing of this deadly
- material. Most will probably be stockpiled at weapons plants,
- but there is a danger of loss, theft and environmental damage
- from mishandling.
- </p>
- <p> A far bigger problem, from an environmental standpoint, is
- what to do with the tens of thousands of tons of hot waste left
- over from 46 years of weapons production--everything from
- gloves to ball bearings. This material will remain radioactive
- for millenniums. The U.S. has only one facility designed to
- store this production waste, but the opening of the Waste
- Isolation Pilot Plant, 655 m (2,150 ft.) underground in massive
- salt domes near Carlsbad, N. Mex., has been stymied by political
- wrangling and safety concerns. Last week the Department of
- Energy attempted to sidestep congressional deliberations on the
- matter and ship the first load of waste to the plant. It was
- halted after New Mexico filed a federal lawsuit, and the DOE
- agreed to postpone the shipment. For the time being, 1 million
- bbl. of the deadly stuff continue to sit in temporary storage,
- as they have for decades.
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick. Reported by Nancy Harbert/Albuquerque
- and Bruce van Voorst/Washington.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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